Rhetorical Synthesis

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found in the ruins of Quanhucun, a Chinese farming village.

• The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.

• A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had consumed large amounts of grain.

• The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may have been domesticated

The student wants to present the Quanhucun study and its conclusions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) As part of a 2013 study of cat domestication, a chemical analysis was conducted on cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China.

B) A 2013 analysis of cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China, suggests that cats there may have been domesticated 5,300 years ago.

C) In 2013, archaeologists studied what cats in Quanhucun, China, had eaten more than 5,000 years ago.

D) Cat bone fragments estimated to be 5,300 years old were found in Quanhucun, China, in 2013.

A) Incorrect – This option mentions analysis but does not clearly state the study's conclusion.

B) Correct – This clearly connects the analysis to the conclusion that the cats were likely domesticated.

C) Incorrect – The study was not just about diet but also about domestication.

D) Incorrect – This option presents a fact but does not explain its significance in relation to domestication.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Gaspar Enriquez is an artist.

• He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans.

• A portrait is an artistic representation of a person.

• Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003.

• He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016.

 The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The portraits, or artistic representations, of Luis Jimenez and Rudolfo Anaya were both completed by Enriquez in the early 2000s.

B) Enriquez has completed portraits of numerous Mexican Americans, including sculptor Luis Jimenez and writer Rudolfo Anaya.

C) While both are by Enriquez, the 2003 portrait of Luis Jimenez is a painting, and the 2016 portrait of Rudolfo Anaya is a drawing.

D) Luis Jimenez was a Mexican American sculptor, and Rudolfo Anaya was a Mexican American writer.

A) Incorrect – This option mentions both portraits but does not highlight the key difference between them.

B) Incorrect – This option focuses on Enriquez’s general work rather than emphasizing the distinction between the two portraits.

C) Correct – This choice clearly states the key difference: one portrait is a painting and the other is a drawing, which directly answers the question’s requirement.

D) Incorrect – While this information is accurate, it focuses on who Jimenez and Anaya were, rather than the differences in the portraits themselves.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the 18th century.

• Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions.

• Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist.

• She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003.

• Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.

• She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003.

 The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South Carolina, visitors can learn more about the Gullah people who have lived in the region for centuries.

B) Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve the culture of the Gullah people, who have lived in the United States since the 18th century.

C) Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve Gullah culture through their museums.

D) Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah culture developed in parts of the southeastern United States in the 18th century.

A) Incorrect – This option describes the museums’ purpose but does not focus on the duration of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work.

B) Incorrect – While it mentions preservation of Gullah culture, it does not include the time element (since 2003) that the question asks for.

C) Correct – This option effectively highlights both duration ("since 2003") and purpose ("preserve Gullah culture through their museums"), making it the best choice.

D) Incorrect – This option explains Gullah culture’s origins but does not mention Cohen and Rodrigues’s work or the duration of their efforts.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Shaun Tan is an Australian author.
• In 2008, he published Tales from Outer Suburbia, a book of fifteen short stories.
• The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary suburban neighborhoods.
• In 2018, he published Tales from the Inner City, a book of twenty-five short stories.
• The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary urban settings.

 The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two books by Shaun Tan. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia, which describes surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary places, contains fewer short stories than Tales from the Inner City does.

B) Tales from Outer Suburbia was published in 2008, and Tales from the Inner City was published in 2018.

C) Unlike Tales from the Inner City, Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia is set in suburban neighborhoods.

D) Shaun Tan’s books Tales from Outer Suburbia and Tales from the Inner City both describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary places.

A) Incorrect – This option focuses on the difference in the number of stories, not their similarity.

B) Incorrect – While publication dates are provided, this option does not emphasize the shared theme of surrealism in ordinary places.

C) Incorrect – This option highlights a difference (suburban vs. urban) rather than a similarity.

D) Correct – This choice best captures the shared theme in both books by mentioning surreal events in ordinary settings.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Started in 1925, the Scripps National Spelling Bee is a US-based spelling competition.
• The words used in the competition have diverse linguistic origins.
• In 2008, Sameer Mishra won by correctly spelling the word “guerdon.”
• “Guerdon” derives from the Anglo-French word “guerdun.”
• In 2009, Kavya Shivashankar won by correctly spelling the word “Laodicean.”
  
• “Laodicean” derives from the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”
• The student wants to emphasize a difference in the origins of the two words.

 Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) “Guerdon,” the final word of the 2008 Scripps National Spelling Bee, is of Anglo-French origin, while the following year’s final word, “Laodicean,” derives from ancient Greek.

B) In 2008, Sameer Mishra won the Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling the word “guerdon”; however, the following year, Kavya Shivashankar won based on spelling the word “Laodicean.”

C) Kavya Shivashankar won the 2009 Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling “Laodicean,” which derives from the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”

D) The Scripps National Spelling Bee uses words from diverse linguistic origins, such as “guerdon” and “Laodicean.”

A) Correct – This choice clearly presents the key difference: the linguistic origins of the words “guerdon” and “Laodicean.”

B) Incorrect – This option focuses on who won and when, rather than the word origins.

C) Incorrect – This choice only describes the 2009 word but does not compare it to “guerdon”.

D) Incorrect – While true, this option focuses on the general diversity of words rather than the specific difference between “guerdon” and “Laodicean.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 1851, German American artist Emanuel Leutze painted Washington Crossing the Delaware.
• His huge painting (149 × 255 inches) depicts the first US president crossing a river with soldiers in the Revolutionary War.
• In 2019, Cree artist Kent Monkman painted mistikôsiwak (Wooden Boat People): Resurgence of the People.
• Monkman’s huge painting (132 × 264 inches) was inspired by Leutze’s.
• It portrays Indigenous people in a boat rescuing refugees.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Monkman, a Cree artist, finished his painting in 2019; Leutze, a German American artist, completed his in 1851.

B) Although Monkman’s painting was inspired by Leutze’s, the people and actions the two paintings portray are very different.

C) Leutze’s and Monkman’s paintings are both huge, measuring 149 × 255 inches and 132 × 264 inches, respectively.

D) Leutze’s painting depicts Revolutionary War soldiers, while Monkman’s depicts Indigenous people and refugees.

A) Incorrect – This choice only states the dates of completion and artists’ backgrounds, not a similarity between the paintings.

B) Incorrect – This option actually highlights the differences rather than a similarity.

C) Correct – The key similarity is that both paintings are massive in size, making this the most effective answer.

D) Incorrect – This option focuses on differences in subject matter rather than similarities.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the surface of Mars.
• NASA’s rovers can’t explore regions inaccessible to wheeled vehicles.
• Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet’s surface.
• Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could be deployed virtually anywhere on the surface of Mars.
• Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers.

The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

(A) Despite being heavy, NASA’s rovers can land successfully on the surface of Mars.

(B) Microprobes, which weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could explore areas of Mars that are inaccessible to NASA’s heavy, wheeled rovers.

(C) NASA currently uses its rovers on Mars, but microprobes have been proposed as an alternative.

(D) Though they are different sizes, both microprobes and rovers can be used to explore the surface of Mars.

(A) Incorrect – This sentence discusses rovers but does not highlight an advantage of microprobes.

(B) Correct – This choice directly explains how microprobes can explore areas rovers cannot, making it an effective explanation of their advantage.

(C) Incorrect – While it mentions microprobes, it does not explain why they are advantageous.

(D) Incorrect – It states a general fact but does not highlight an advantage of microprobes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955.
• PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
• Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA.
• The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code.
• Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health. 

The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

(A) Ochoa’s 1955 discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code, leading to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.

(B) Ochoa first discovered PNPase, an enzyme that he hypothesized contained the genetic blueprints for mRNA, in 1955.

(C) In 1955, Ochoa discovered the PNPase enzyme, which is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.

(D) Though his discovery of PNPase was critical to deciphering the human genetic code, Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that the enzyme was the source of mRNA’s genetic blueprints.

(A) Correct – This choice best emphasizes the significance of Ochoa’s discovery by connecting it to deciphering the genetic code and improving understanding of genetic variations.

(B) Incorrect – It provides information about the discovery but does not emphasize its significance.

(C) Incorrect – It states a fact but does not highlight the impact of the discovery.

(D) Incorrect – It focuses on Ochoa’s incorrect hypothesis rather than the significance of his discovery.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist.
• In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the - - - Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.
• Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press.
• Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press.
• She lives part-time in Chile, where she was born, and part-time in New York.

The student wants to introduce the artist’s 1983 poetry collection.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

(A) Before she published the books Precario/Precarious (1983) and Instan (2002), Cecilia Vicuña exhibited visual art at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.

(B) Cecilia Vicuña is a true multidisciplinary artist whose works include numerous poetry collections and visual art exhibitions.

(C) Published in 1983 by Tanam Press, Precario/Precarious is a collection of poetry by the multidisciplinary artist Cecilia Vicuña.

(D) In 1971, Cecilia Vicuña exhibited her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, in Chile, her country of birth.

(A) Incorrect – This choice does not focus on introducing the 1983 poetry collection.

(B) Incorrect – This is too broad and does not introduce the specific poetry collection.

(C) Correct – It directly introduces Precario/Precarious and its publication details.

(D) Incorrect – It focuses on her earlier artwork rather than the poetry collection.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan.
• It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.
• It is roughly 33 miles long.
  
• The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe.
  
• It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France.
  
• It is about 31 miles long.
  
• The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Some of the world’s rail tunnels, including one tunnel that extends from Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France, are longer than 30 miles.

B) The Seikan Tunnel is roughly 33 miles long, while the slightly shorter Channel Tunnel is about 31 miles long.

C) The Seikan Tunnel, which is roughly 33 miles long, connects the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.

D) Both the Seikan Tunnel, which is located in Japan, and the Channel Tunnel, which is located in Europe, are examples of rail tunnels.

A) Incorrect – This sentence is too vague and does not directly compare the two tunnels’ lengths.

B) Correct – This sentence directly compares the lengths of the two tunnels in a clear, concise way.

C) Incorrect – This focuses only on the Seikan Tunnel and does not compare it to the Channel Tunnel.

D) Incorrect – This gives general information about location but does not compare lengths.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and around water.
  
• Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores.
  
• Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil with four legs, webbed toes, and the skull and teeth of a seal.
  
• Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a “transitional fossil.”
  
• The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.
  

 The student wants to emphasize the fossil’s significance. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski’s fossil has the skull and teeth of a seal, which, like sea lions and walruses, is a pinniped.

B) Pinnipeds are descended from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores; a fossil that resembles both was recently found.

C) Having four legs but the skull and teeth of a seal, the rare fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.

D) A “transitional fossil” was recently found by paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski.

A) Incorrect – This sentence only states a fact about pinnipeds but does not highlight the fossil’s significance.

B) Incorrect – This is too general and does not explain why the fossil is important.

C) Correct – This clearly emphasizes the fossil’s transitional significance, making it the best choice.

D) Incorrect – Simply saying a “transitional fossil” was found does not provide enough detail.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both warm and cold conditions.
  
• He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials he planned to use.
  
• Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and had an emissivity of 0.02.
  
• He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat and had an emissivity of 0.74.
  
• The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of heat it emits.
  
• The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The ability of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers to emit heat was determined by an analysis of each material’s emissivity.

B) The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount it emits, as evidenced in Abebe’s analyses.

C) Though the reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers had different rates of emissivity, Abebe planned to use both in a garment.

D) Whereas the reflective metal fibers had an emissivity of just 0.02, the silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat, resulting in an emissivity of 0.74.

A) Incorrect – This does not contrast the emissivity values.

B) Incorrect – This is too broad and does not compare the two materials.

C) Incorrect – This mentions both materials but does not highlight the contrast in emissivity.

D) Correct – This directly contrasts the emissivity values of both materials.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive, online format to present a play about woman suffrage activists.
  
• Their “Women and the Vote” website featured an interactive digital drawing of a Victorian-style house.
  
• Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that room an artifact related to the suffrage movement.
  
• One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the artifact.
  
• The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control the experience.

 The student wants to explain an advantage of the “Women and the Vote” format. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) “Women and the Vote” featured a drawing of a Victorian-style house with several rooms, each containing suffrage artifacts.

B) To access video clips, songs, artwork, and texts, audiences had to first click on an artifact.

C) The “Women and the Vote” format appealed to audiences because it allowed them to control the experience.

D) Using an interactive format, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech created “Women and the Vote,” a play about woman suffrage activists.

A) Incorrect – This describes the format but does not explain why it was an advantage.

B) Incorrect – This details how the website worked but does not emphasize audience control.

C) Correct – This directly addresses the advantage by stating that audience control made the play appealing.

D) Incorrect – This provides background about the project but does not explain why the format was beneficial.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Ducklings expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother than when swimming alone.
  
• The physics behind this energy savings hasn’t always been well understood.
  
• Naval architect Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.
  
• The study revealed that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the wake’s waves.
  
• Yuan determined this push reduces the effect of wave drag on the ducklings by 158%.

 The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A study revealed that ducklings, which expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother, also experience 158% less drag.

B) Seeking to understand how ducklings swimming in a line behind their mother save energy, Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.

C) Zhiming Yuan studied the physics behind the fact that by being pushed in a forward direction by waves, ducklings save energy.

D) Naval architect Zhiming Yuan discovered that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the waves of their mother’s wake, reducing the effect of drag by 158%.

A) Incorrect – This describes a finding but does not explain the methodology.

B) Correct – This explains both the study’s purpose and methodology, making it the best choice.

C) Incorrect – This focuses only on the findings, leaving out the methodology.

D) Incorrect – This describes the discovery itself but does not fully present the study’s methodology.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and 1794.
• It was the first private turnpike in the United States.
• It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania.
• It was sixty-two miles long.

The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike.Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The sixty-two-mile-long Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike connected the Pennsylvania cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster.

B) The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was the first private turnpike in the United States.

C) The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, which connected two Pennsylvania cities, was built between 1792 and 1794.

D) A historic Pennsylvania road, the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was completed in 1794.

A) Correct – This choice explicitly states the length of the turnpike ("sixty-two-mile-long"), which is exactly what the student wants to emphasize.

B) Incorrect – While it mentions the turnpike’s historical significance, it does not mention its distance, which is the focus of the question.

C) Incorrect – This choice provides information about the cities and the time period but does not emphasize the distance covered.

D) Incorrect – This focuses on the historical nature and completion date of the road, not its length.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind.
• Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from Earth.
• In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya.
• Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting the Moon.
• Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon.

The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study.Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) As it orbited the Moon, the Kaguya satellite collected data that was later analyzed by cosmochemist Kentaro Terada.

B) Before 2008, Kentaro Terada wondered if the Moon was receiving some of its oxygen from Earth.

C) Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada set out to determine whether some of the Moon’s oxygen was coming from Earth.
D) Kentaro Terada’s study determined that Earth is sending a small amount of oxygen to the Moon.

A) Incorrect – This choice explains what the satellite did but does not emphasize the study’s goal.

B) Incorrect – This choice highlights Terada’s curiosity but does not clearly present the study’s aim.

C) Correct – This choice directly states that Terada’s goal was to determine whether some of the Moon’s oxygen came from Earth, making it the best answer.

D) Incorrect – This choice states the conclusion of the study rather than its aim.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The factors that affect clutch size (the number of eggs laid at one time) have been well studied in birds but not in lizards.
• A team led by Shai Meiri of Tel Aviv University investigated which factors influence lizard clutch size.
• Meiri’s team obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and analyzed the data with statistical models.
• Larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.
• Lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of shorter windows of favorable conditions.

The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Researchers wanted to know which factors influence lizard egg clutch size because such factors have been well studied in birds but not in lizards.

B) After they obtained data for over 3,900 lizard species, researchers determined that larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.

C) We now know that lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of shorter windows of favorable conditions.

D) Researchers obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and analyzed the data with statistical models.

A) Correct – This answer directly explains the research question, which is the goal of the study.

B) Incorrect – This choice explains one of the findings rather than the aim of the study.

C) Incorrect – This statement focuses on what was discovered rather than the reason for conducting the research.

D) Incorrect – This choice describes the method rather than the aim of the research.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for numerous Beatles songs.
• Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or McCartney, not by both.
• The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse for “In My Life,” is disputed.
• Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze the musical content of Beatles songs.
• They concluded that there is an 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life,” stating that the verse is “consistent with Lennon’s songwriting style.”
• The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by Glickman, Brown, and Song.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Based on statistical analysis, Glickman, Brown, and Song claim that John Lennon wrote the verse of “In My Life.”

B) There is only an 18.9% probability that Paul McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life”; John Lennon is the more likely author.

C) It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul McCartney, wrote the verse for “In My Life.”

D) Researchers have used statistical methods to address questions of authorship within the field of music.

A) Incorrect – This is too specific and focuses only on one song rather than making a generalization.

B) Incorrect – This choice emphasizes one finding rather than the broader study.

C) Incorrect – This choice states a conclusion rather than explaining the type of research.

D) Correct – This answer makes a generalization about the research method, which is the student’s goal.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Some sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park have been defaced by tourists’ carvings.
• Park rangers can smooth away some carvings using power grinders.
• For deep carvings, power grinding is not always feasible because it can greatly alter or damage the rock.
• Park rangers can use an infilling technique, which involves filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent.
• This technique is minimally invasive.

The student wants to explain an advantage of the infilling technique. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) To remove carvings from sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park, power grinding is not always feasible.

B) Filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent is less invasive than smoothing them away with a power grinder, which can greatly alter or damage the sandstone arches.

C) Park rangers can use a power grinding technique to smooth away carvings or fill them in with ground sandstone and a bonding agent.

D) As methods for removing carvings from sandstone, power grinding and infilling differ in their level of invasiveness.

A) Incorrect – This option only points out a limitation of power grinding without highlighting the advantage of infilling.

B) Correct – It directly compares the two techniques, clearly stating that infilling is less invasive, which synthesizes the information provided in the notes.

C) Incorrect – This option merely lists the two methods without comparing their relative advantages.

D) Incorrect – While it notes a difference, it fails to specify the beneficial aspect of infilling.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Las sergas de Esplandián was a novel popular in sixteenth-century Spain.
  
• The novel featured a fictional island inhabited solely by Black women and known as California.
• That same century, Spanish explorers learned of an “island” off the west coast of Mexico.
  
• They called it California after the island in the novel.
  
• The “island” was actually the peninsula now known as Baja California (“Lower California”), which lies to the south of the US state of California.

The student wants to emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The novel Las sergas de Esplandián featured a fictional island known as California.

B) To the south of the US state of California lies Baja California (“Lower California”), originally called California after a fictional place.

C) In the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers learned of a peninsula off the west coast of Mexico and called it California.

D) Thinking it was an island, Spanish explorers called a peninsula California after an island in a popular novel.

A) Incorrect – This choice only introduces the novel without addressing the explorers’ misconception.

B) Incorrect – Although it mentions Baja California, it does not clearly highlight that the naming was based on a mistaken belief about an island.

C) Incorrect – This option describes the explorers’ action but does not emphasize the role of the misconception in the naming process.

D) Correct – It explicitly states that the explorers mistakenly thought the peninsula was an island and named it after a fictional island, directly emphasizing the impact of the misconception.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

•  Angana Chaudhuri is a scientist.
•  Chaudhuri studies sedimentary rocks.
•  A scientist who studies sedimentary rocks is called a sedimentologist.
  
•  Shale, chalk, and sandstone are examples of sedimentary rocks.
  

The student wants to identify what type of scientist Chaudhuri is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Chalk is a type of sedimentary rock.

B) Some scientists study shale, chalk, and sandstone.

C) There are scientists who study sedimentary rocks.

D) Chaudhuri is a sedimentologist.

A) Incorrect – This choice only provides an example of a sedimentary rock and does not address Chaudhuri’s profession.

B) Incorrect – Although true, it does not specifically identify Chaudhuri’s area of expertise.

C) Incorrect – This is a general statement about scientists; it does not specify Chaudhuri’s specialization.

D) Correct – It directly states that Chaudhuri is a sedimentologist, using the information provided in the notes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• “Raymond’s Run” is a short story.
• It was written by African American author Toni Cade Bambara.
• It was first published in her book Gorilla, My Love in 1972.
  
• It is told from a first-person perspective.
  
• It takes place in Harlem.
  

The student wants to indicate where the short story takes place. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) “Raymond’s Run” takes place in Harlem.

B) “Raymond’s Run” was published in Gorilla, My Love.

C) “Raymond’s Run” is told from a first-person perspective.

D) “Raymond’s Run” was written by Toni Cade Bambara.

A) Correct – This option directly states the location of the short story, which is the student’s goal.

B) Incorrect – It mentions the publication but not the setting.

C) Incorrect – It focuses on point of view rather than location.

D) Incorrect – It identifies the author but not where the story takes place.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Royal Alcázar of Seville is a historic royal palace in Andalucía, Spain.
  
• The palace is famous for its intricate tilework.
  
• The palace features majolica and arista tiles.
  
• In the majolica style, designs are painted directly on the ceramic tiles.
  
• In the arista style, designs are stamped into the ceramic tiles.
  

The student wants to contrast the two styles of tiles. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Tiles in the majolica and arista styles can be found in the Royal Alcázar of Seville in Andalucía, Spain.

B) Featuring tiles in the majolica and arista styles, the Royal Alcázar of Seville in Spain is famous for its intricate tilework.

C) In the arista style, designs are stamped into the ceramic tiles, whereas in the majolica style, the designs are painted directly on them.

D) Among the famous tilework of the Royal Alcázar of Seville are majolica style tiles, made by painting designs directly on the ceramic tiles.

A) Incorrect – This choice merely notes that both styles are present; it does not contrast them.

B) Incorrect – This describes the palace’s features but does not contrast the two tile styles.

C) Correct – It directly contrasts the two styles by describing the differing methods used (stamping versus painting).

D) Incorrect – It only describes the majolica style without contrasting it with the arista style.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Musicians around the world have used protest songs to raise awareness about human rights violations.
  
• US folk singer Aunt Molly Jackson released the protest song “Poor Miner’s Farewell” in 1932.
  
• It exposed the unlivable wages and dangerous working conditions coal miners faced in Kentucky during the 1920s and 1930s.
  
• South African singer-songwriter Hugh Masekela released the protest song “Bring Him Back Home” in 1987.
• It called on the South African government to free Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid leader who’d been unjustly imprisoned.
  

The student wants to contrast the song “Poor Miner’s Farewell” with the song “Bring Him Back Home.” Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The songs “Poor Miner’s Farewell” and “Bring Him Back Home” both raised awareness about human rights violations.

B) While both are protest songs, “Poor Miner’s Farewell” is about coal miners in Kentucky, whereas “Bring Him Back Home” is about the anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela.

C) Hugh Masekela’s song “Bring Him Back Home,” released in 1987, called on the South African government to free Nelson Mandela.

D) Released in 1932 by Aunt Molly Jackson, the song “Poor Miner’s Farewell” was a protest against the unlivable wages and dangerous working conditions faced by Kentucky coal miners.

A) Incorrect – This option emphasizes a similarity, not a contrast.

B) Correct – It clearly contrasts the focus of the two protest songs: one about coal miners in Kentucky and the other about Nelson Mandela.

C) Incorrect – It only describes one song and does not provide any contrast.

D) Incorrect – It only describes “Poor Miner’s Farewell” without contrasting it with “Bring Him Back Home.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Political scientist Graham Allison is known for his Thucydides trap theory.
  
• Allison’s theory states that whenever “a rising power is threatening to displace a ruling power,” conflict is likely.
  
• The theory is based on Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict between Athens and Sparta.
  
• Thucydides wrote that “the rise of Athens and the fear this instilled in Sparta” made conflict “inevitable.”
  
• History professor Edmund Stewart recently challenged the historical basis of the theory.
  
• Stewart claimed that Athens was not a rising power and that the rivals experienced a “clash of cultures” instead.
  

The student wants to use a quotation to challenge Thucydides’s explanation of the conflict between Athens and Sparta. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) According to Allison’s Thucydides trap theory, whenever “a rising power is threatening to displace a ruling power,” conflict is likely.

B) Thucydides wrote that conflict between the two powers was “inevitable,” although Stewart later challenged the historical basis of this claim.

C) According to Stewart, a “clash of cultures” between Athens and Sparta caused the conflict, not Athens’s rise.

D) Thucydides explained that conflict was caused by “the rise of Athens and the fear this instilled in Sparta,” but Allison disagreed, seeing the conflict as an example of the Thucydides trap.

A) Incorrect – This option simply restates Allison’s theory without using a quotation to challenge Thucydides’s explanation.

B) Incorrect – While it notes that Stewart challenged Thucydides, it does not use a quotation from Stewart to directly refute Thucydides’s explanation.

C) Correct – It uses Stewart’s claim (“clash of cultures”) to directly challenge Thucydides’s explanation that conflict was inevitable due to the rise of Athens.

D) Incorrect – This option misrepresents the information by conflating Allison’s theory with a challenge to Thucydides, rather than using Stewart’s quotation.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Researchers in a 2021 study wanted to determine the rate at which 17 languages conveyed both information and syllables.
• They calculated the bits of information conveyed per second (the IR, or information rate).
• The IR was found to be approximately consistent across the 17 languages (an average of 39 bits per second).
• They calculated the number of syllables spoken per second (the SR, or syllable rate).
• Spanish had the second-fastest SR (7.7 syllables per second).
• Vietnamese had the sixteenth-fastest SR (5.3 syllables per second).

 The student wants to present an overview of the study’s findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The 2021 study determined the information rate (IR) of 17 languages in bits of information conveyed per second.

B) Researchers found that information was conveyed more quickly in Spanish, at 7.7 syllables per second, than in Vietnamese, at 5.3 syllables per second.

C) Vietnamese had the sixteenth-fastest syllable rate, lower than that of Spanish, which had the second-fastest; however, Spanish had the lower information rate of the two.

D) Though some of the languages differed in number of syllables spoken per second, all 17 conveyed information at roughly the same rate.

A) Incorrect – This option mentions one metric but does not provide an overview of the study’s overall findings.

B) Incorrect – It compares only Spanish and Vietnamese without summarizing the consistency across all 17 languages.

C) Incorrect – It focuses on a comparison between two languages and misstates the information rate details.

D) Correct – It effectively conveys that, despite variations in syllable rate among languages, the information rate remained roughly constant across all 17 languages.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Samuel Delany is a US writer known for his science fiction.
• Delany’s science fiction novel Babel-17 was published in 1966.
• The novel won a Nebula Award in 1967.
• The Nebula Awards are given each year to the best works of science fiction published in the US.

The student wants to indicate the title of a novel that won a Nebula Award. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Babel-17, by Samuel Delany, won a Nebula Award in 1967.

B) Samuel Delany published a science fiction novel in 1966.

C) Samuel Delany is an award-winning US writer known for his science fiction.

D) One of Samuel Delany’s novels was among the best works of science fiction published in the US.

A) Correct – This sentence effectively presents both the novel’s title and the award it won.

B) Incorrect – This sentence provides the publication year of Babel-17 but does not mention the Nebula Award.

C) Incorrect – This sentence states that Delany is an award-winning writer but does not specify Babel-17 or its Nebula Award.

D) Incorrect – This sentence suggests that one of Delany’s novels was recognized, but it does not name Babel-17 or confirm that it won the award.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Chiura Obata was a Japanese American artist who lived in California.
  
• Yosemite Falls is a notable painting by Obata.
  
• It uses a Japanese method of black ink painting called sumi-e.
  
• This painting was completed in 1930.

The student wants to indicate the year Yosemite Falls was completed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) While living in California, Obata created black ink paintings.

B) Obata, a Japanese American artist, created a notable painting.

C) Yosemite Falls was completed in 1930.

D) Obata used a Japanese painting method called sumi-e.

A) Incorrect – This sentence discusses Obata’s location and painting style but does not specify the year Yosemite Falls was completed.

B) Incorrect – This sentence mentions that Obata created a notable painting but does not provide the painting’s title or completion year.

C) Correct – This sentence explicitly states the painting’s title and the year it was completed, directly addressing the prompt.

D) Incorrect – This sentence discusses the painting technique but does not mention Yosemite Falls or its completion year.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan.
• It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.
• It is roughly 33 miles long.
• The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe.
• It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France.
• It is about 31 miles long.

The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Some of the world’s rail tunnels, including one tunnel that extends from Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France, are longer than 30 miles.

B) The Seikan Tunnel is roughly 33 miles long, while the slightly shorter Channel Tunnel is about 31 miles long.

C) The Seikan Tunnel, which is roughly 33 miles long, connects the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.

D) Both the Seikan Tunnel, which is located in Japan, and the Channel Tunnel, which is located in Europe, are examples of rail tunnels.

Choice B is the best answer. The sentence compares the lengths of the two rail tunnels, noting that the Channel Tunnel (about 31 miles long) is slightly shorter than the Seikan Tunnel (roughly 33 miles long).

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence makes a generalization about the length of some rail tunnels; it doesn’t compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels.

Choice C is incorrect. The sentence describes a single rail tunnel; it doesn’t compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels.

Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the two rail tunnels, it doesn’t compare their lengths.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades star cluster as having seven stars.
• It was referred to as the Seven Sisters in the mythology of ancient Greece.
• Today, the cluster appears to have only six stars.
• Two of the stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one.

The student wants to specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades, which was referred to in Greek mythology as the Seven Sisters, as having seven stars.

B) Although once referred to as the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades appears to have only six stars today.

C) In the time since ancient cultures described the Pleiades as having seven stars, two of the cluster’s stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one.

D) The Pleiades has seven stars, but two are so close together that they appear to be a single star.

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence specifies the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed, noting that two of the cluster’s stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one star.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence specifies how ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades; it doesn’t specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence describes the appearance of the Pleiades today; it doesn’t specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed.

Choice D is incorrect. The sentence explains why two of the Pleiades’ stars appear to be a single star; it doesn’t specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance changed.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and around water.
• Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores.
• Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil with four legs, webbed toes, and the skull and teeth of a seal.
• Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a "transitional fossil."
• The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.

The student wants to emphasize the fossil’s significance. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski’s fossil has the skull and teeth of a seal, which, like sea lions and walruses, is a pinniped.

B) Pinnipeds are descended from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores; a fossil that resembles both was recently found.

C) Having four legs but the skull and teeth of a seal, the rare fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.

D) A "transitional fossil" was recently found by paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski.

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively emphasizes the fossil’s significance, explaining that the fossil is rare and illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes the fossil Rybczynski found; it doesn’t emphasize the fossil’s significance.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence mentions that a fossil resembling both pinnipeds and their ancestors was found; it doesn’t emphasize the fossil’s significance.

Choice D is incorrect. The sentence notes a term used to describe the fossil Rybczynski found; it doesn’t emphasize the fossil’s significance.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Gaspar Enriquez is an artist.
• He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans.
• A portrait is an artistic representation of a person.
• Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003.
• He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The portraits, or artistic representations, of Luis Jimenez and Rudolfo Anaya were both completed by Enriquez in the early 2000s.

B) Enriquez has completed portraits of numerous Mexican Americans, including sculptor Luis Jimenez and writer Rudolfo Anaya.

C) While both are by Enriquez, the 2003 portrait of Luis Jimenez is a painting, and the 2016 portrait of Rudolfo Anaya is a drawing.

D) Luis Jimenez was a Mexican American sculptor, and Rudolfo Anaya was a Mexican American writer.

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a difference between the portraits, noting that one is a painting and the other is a drawing.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between the two portraits rather than a difference.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence makes a generalization about Enriquez’s portraits; it doesn’t emphasize a difference between the portraits of Jimenez and Anaya.

Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence notes a difference between Jimenez and Anaya, it doesn’t emphasize a difference between, or even mention, their portraits.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Las sergas de Esplandián was a novel popular in sixteenth-century Spain.
• The novel featured a fictional island inhabited solely by Black women and known as California.
• That same century, Spanish explorers learned of an “island” off the west coast of Mexico.
• They called it California after the island in the novel.
• The “island” was actually the peninsula now known as Baja California (“Lower California”), which lies to the south of the US state of California.

The student wants to emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The novel Las sergas de Esplandián featured a fictional island known as California.

B) To the south of the US state of California lies Baja California (“Lower California”), originally called California after a fictional place.

C) In the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers learned of a peninsula off the west coast of Mexico and called it California.

D) Thinking it was an island, Spanish explorers called a peninsula California after an island in a popular novel.

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the role a misconception played in the naming of a place, explaining that Spanish explorers mistook a peninsula for an island and, as a result, named the peninsula after a fictional island, California.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence mentions a novel that featured a fictional island, California; it doesn’t emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence notes that Baja California was originally named after a fictional place; it doesn’t emphasize the role a misconception—specifically, the Spanish explorers’ mistaken belief that the peninsula was an island—played in the naming of a place.

Choice C is incorrect. The sentence indicates when Spanish explorers learned of the peninsula they called California; it doesn’t emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 1851, German American artist Emanuel Leutze painted Washington Crossing the Delaware.
• His huge painting (149 x 255 inches) depicts the first US president crossing a river with soldiers in the Revolutionary War.
• In 2019, Cree artist Kent Monkman painted mistikôswak (Wooden Boat People): Resurgence of the People.
• Monkman’s huge painting (132 x 264 inches) was inspired by Leutze’s.
• It portrays Indigenous people in a boat rescuing refugees.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Monkman, a Cree artist, finished his painting in 2019; Leutze, a German American artist, completed his in 1851.

B) Although Monkman’s painting was inspired by Leutze’s, the people and actions the two paintings portray are very different.

C) Leutze’s and Monkman’s paintings are both huge, measuring 149 x 255 inches and 132 x 264 inches, respectively.

D) Leutze’s painting depicts Revolutionary War soldiers, while Monkman’s depicts Indigenous people and refugees.

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between the two paintings, noting that Leutze’s painting (which measures 149 x 255 inches) and Monkman’s painting (which measures 132 x 264 inches) are both very large.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence mentions that Monkman’s painting was completed in 2019 and Leutze’s was completed in 1851; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two paintings.

Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence acknowledges that one painting was inspired by the other, it emphasizes differences between the two paintings; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between them.

Choice D is incorrect. The sentence mentions a difference between the two paintings; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between them.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In the late 1890s, over 14,000 unique varieties of apples were grown in the US.
• The rise of industrial agriculture in the mid-1900s narrowed the range of commercially grown crops.
• Thousands of apple varieties considered less suitable for commercial growth were lost.
• Today, only 15 apple varieties dominate the market, making up 90% of apples purchased in the US.
• The Lost Apple Project, based in Washington State, attempts to find and grow lost apple varieties.

The student wants to emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specify why this decline occurred. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

A) The Lost Apple Project is dedicated to finding some of the apple varieties lost following a shift in agricultural practices in the mid-1900s.

B) While over 14,000 apple varieties were grown in the US in the late 1890s, only 15 unique varieties make up most of the apples sold today.

C) Since the rise of industrial agriculture, US farmers have mainly grown the same few unique apple varieties, resulting in the loss of thousands of varieties less suitable for commercial growth.

D) As industrial agriculture rose to prominence in the mid-1900s, the number of commercially grown apple varieties declined.

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specifies why this decline occurred, noting that thousands of apple varieties were lost because US farmers started mainly growing the same few unique varieties.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence introduces the Lost Apple Project; it doesn’t emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specify why this decline occurred.

Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes the decline in unique apple varieties in the US, it doesn’t explain why this decline occurred.

Choice D is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the general decline of crop varieties in the mid-1900s; it doesn’t emphasize the specific decline in unique apple varieties in the US.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.
• The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.
• In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and the Atlantic Monthly.
• Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.
• One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.

The student wants to introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Cathryn Halverson’s Faraway Women and the Atlantic Monthly discusses female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.

B) A magazine called the Atlantic Monthly, referenced in Cathryn Halverson’s book title, was first published in 1857.

C) Faraway Women and the Atlantic Monthly features contributors to the Atlantic Monthly, first published in 1857 as a magazine focusing on politics, art, and literature.

D) An author discussed by Cathryn Halverson is Juanita Harrison, whose autobiography appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in the early 1900s.

Choice A is the best answer. The sentence effectively introduces Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly, noting the title of Halverson’s book and describing its content without providing background information about the Atlantic Monthly.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence introduces the Atlantic Monthly and mentions that it’s referred to in Cathryn Halverson’s book title; it doesn’t effectively introduce Halverson’s book.

Choice C is incorrect. The sentence assumes that the audience is unfamiliar with the Atlantic Monthly, providing background information about the magazine; it doesn’t effectively introduce Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly.

Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence assumes that the audience is familiar with the Atlantic Monthly, it doesn’t effectively introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955.
• PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
• Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA.
• The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code.
• Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.

The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Ochoa’s 1955 discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code, leading to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.

B) Ochoa first discovered PNPase, an enzyme that he hypothesized contained the genetic blueprints for mRNA, in 1955.

C) In 1955, Ochoa discovered the PNPase enzyme, which is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.

D) Though his discovery of PNPase was critical to deciphering the human genetic code, Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that the enzyme was the source of mRNA’s genetic blueprints.

Choice A is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the significance of Ochoa’s discovery, noting that it proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code, which resulted in a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health.

Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence explains what Ochoa discovered, it doesn’t emphasize the significance of the discovery.

Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence explains what Ochoa discovered, it doesn’t emphasize the significance of the discovery.

Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that Ochoa’s discovery was crucial, it emphasizes Ochoa’s incorrect hypothesis, not the significance of the discovery.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both warm and cold conditions.
• He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials he planned to use.
• Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and had an emissivity of 0.02.
• He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat and had an emissivity of 0.74.
• The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of heat it emits.

The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The ability of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers to emit heat was determined by an analysis of each material’s emissivity.

B) The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount it emits, as evidenced in Abebe’s analyses.

C) Though the reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers had different rates of emissivity, Abebe planned to use both in a garment.

D) Whereas the reflective metal fibers had an emissivity of just 0.02, the silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat, resulting in an emissivity of 0.74.

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence uses “whereas” to contrast the emissivities of the two fibers, noting that the emissivity of the reflective metal fibers was just 0.02, far lower than that of the silicon carbide fibers (0.74).

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the ability of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers to emit heat; it doesn’t contrast the emissivities of the two fibers.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence states a law of thermodynamics: the amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount it emits. The sentence doesn’t contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers.

Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence includes a generalization about the emissivities of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers, it emphasizes Abebe’s plans for their use in a garment; it doesn’t contrast the emissivities of the two fibers.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In the early 1960s, the US had a strict national-origins quota system for immigrants.
• The number of new immigrants allowed from a country each year was based on how many people from that country lived in the US in 1890.
• This system favored immigrants from northern Europe.
• Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany.
• The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system.

The student wants to present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany at the time the Hart-Celler Act was proposed.

B) Prior to the Hart-Celler Act, new immigration quotas were based on how many people from each country lived in the US in 1890.

C) The quota system in place in the early 1960s was abolished by the 1965 Hart-Celler Act.

D) The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system, which favored immigrants from northern Europe.

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence presents the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration, noting that the 1965 act abolished the national-origins quota system and explaining why that mattered, historically: because the old quota system had favored immigrants from northern Europe.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes an aspect of immigration policy at the time the Hart-Celler Act was proposed; it doesn’t present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence describes an aspect of immigration policy before the Hart-Celler Act; it doesn’t describe or present the significance of the act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration.

Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence indicates that the Hart-Celler Act abolished the old quota system, it doesn’t explain the act or the quota system to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive, online format to present a play about women suffrage activists.
• Their "Women and the Vote" website featured an interactive digital drawing of a Victorian-style house.
• Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that room an artifact related to the suffrage movement.
• One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the artifact.
• The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control the experience.

The student wants to explain an advantage of the "Women and the Vote" format. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) "Women and the Vote" featured a drawing of a Victorian-style house with several rooms, each containing suffrage artifacts.

B) To access video clips, songs, artwork, and texts, audiences had to first click on an artifact.

C) The "Women and the Vote" format appealed to audiences because it allowed them to control the experience.

D) Using an interactive format, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech created "Women and the Vote," a play about women suffrage activists.

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence explains an advantage of the "Women and the Vote" format, noting that the format appealed to audiences because it allowed them to control the experience.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes a digital drawing on the "Women and the Vote" website; it doesn’t explain an advantage of the play’s format.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence explains how audiences interacted with the "Women and the Vote" website; it doesn’t explain an advantage of the play’s format.

Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions that "Women and the Vote" had an interactive format, it doesn’t explain what advantage this format might have.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Some sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park have been defaced by tourists’ carvings.
• Park rangers can smooth away some carvings using power grinders.
• For deep carvings, power grinding is not always feasible because it can greatly alter or damage the rock.
• Park rangers can use an infilling technique, which involves filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent
• This technique is minimally invasive.

The student wants to explain an advantage of the infilling technique. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) To remove carvings from sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park, power grinding is not always feasible.

B) Filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent is less invasive than smoothing them away with a power grinder, which can greatly alter or damage the sandstone arches.

C) Park rangers can use a power grinding technique to smooth away carvings or fill them in with ground sandstone and a bonding agent.

D) As methods for removing carvings from sandstone, power grinding and infilling differ in their level of invasiveness.

Choice B is the best answer. The sentence effectively explains an advantage of infilling: it’s less invasive than using a power grinder.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence identifies a disadvantage of power grinding; it doesn’t explain an advantage of infilling.

Choice C is incorrect. The sentence identifies the two techniques park rangers use; it doesn’t explain an advantage of infilling.

Choice D is incorrect. The sentence indicates that power grinding and infilling are different in one aspect; it fails to explain an advantage of infilling.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 1859, the novel Adam Bede was published in England.
• According to the novel’s title page, the author’s name was George Eliot.
• George Eliot was widely assumed to be a pseudonym.
• A pseudonym is a fake name used to conceal an author’s identity.
• A woman named Mary Ann Evans later revealed herself as the novel’s real author.

The student wants to identify the real author of Adam Bede. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The real author of Adam Bede was Mary Ann Evans, who published the novel using the pseudonym George Eliot.

B) George Eliot, which Adam Bede’s title page indicated was the name of the novel’s author, was widely assumed to be a pseudonym.

C) The title page of the novel Adam Bede indicated that the author’s name was George Eliot.

D) A woman who had used a pseudonym to conceal her identity later revealed herself as the real author of Adam Bede.

Choice A is the best answer. The sentence identifies the novel’s real author, explaining that Mary Ann Evans published the novel under the pseudonym of George Eliot.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence explains that George Eliot was assumed to be a pseudonym; it doesn’t identify the novel’s real author.

Choice C is incorrect because the sentence explains the pseudonym used on the novel’s title page; it doesn’t identify the novel’s real author.

Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence indicates that the novel’s real author used a pseudonym, it doesn’t identify that author as Mary Ann Evans.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Scientists have developed a "freeze-thaw" battery that can retain 92% of its charge after twelve weeks.
• The battery contains molten salt (a type of salt that liquefies when heated and solidifies at room temperature).
• When the salt is in a liquid state, energy flows through the battery.
• When the salt is in a solid state, energy stops flowing and is stored in the battery.
• The stored (frozen) energy can be used by reheating (thawing) the battery.

The student wants to specify how the salt enables energy storage. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Scientists have developed a freeze-thaw battery that contains molten salt, which liquefies when heated and solidifies at room temperature.

B) The stored energy in a freeze-thaw battery, which contains molten salt, can be used by reheating the battery.

C) When the molten salt in a freeze-thaw battery solidifies at room temperature, energy stops flowing and can be stored in the battery.

D) Molten salt allows a freeze-thaw battery to retain 92% of its charge after twelve weeks.

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence specifies how the salt in a freeze-thaw battery enables energy storage, explaining that energy stops flowing and can be stored when the salt solidifies at room temperature.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence explains some properties of molten salt; it doesn't specify how that salt enables energy storage.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence indicates how the energy in a freeze-thaw battery can be released; it doesn’t specify how the salt in the battery enables energy storage.

Choice D is incorrect. The sentence specifies how much charge the freeze-thaw battery retains when storing energy; it doesn’t specify how the salt in the battery enables energy storage.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) keeps a list of all at-risk species.
• Species on the list are classified as either endangered or threatened.
• A species that is in danger of extinction throughout most or all of its range is classified as endangered.
• A species that is likely to soon become endangered is classified as threatened.
• The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) is likely to soon become endangered, according to the FWS.

The student wants to indicate the California red-legged frog’s FWS classification category. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Species on the FWS list, which includes the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii), are classified as either endangered or threatened.

B) The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) appears on the FWS list of at-risk species.

C) According to the FWS, the California red-legged frog is in the endangered category, in danger of extinction throughout most or all of its range.

D) Likely to soon become endangered, the California red-legged frog is classified as threatened by the FWS.

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence effectively indicates the California red-legged frog’s FWS classification category, noting that the FWS classifies the frog as threatened, a classification given to species that are likely to soon become endangered.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence specifies the classification categories of the FWS list; it doesn’t indicate the classification category of the California red-legged frog.

Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence does note that the California red-legged frog is among the species classified by the FWS, it doesn’t indicate what classification category the California red-legged frog occupies.

Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence does appear to indicate the California red-legged frog’s FWS classification category, the sentence is factually incorrect and therefore misleading; the frog’s classification category is threatened, not endangered.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Iranian scholar Abu Rayhan al-Biruni studied Earth’s physical features.
• He theorized that a large landmass existed west of Europe and east of Asia.
• Al-Biruni published his landmass theory in 1037 CE.

The student wants to specify when al-Biruni published his landmass theory. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) In 1037 CE, al-Biruni published his theory that a large landmass existed west of Europe and east of Asia.

B) Al-Biruni, who studied Earth’s physical features, published a theory about a large landmass.

C) Al-Biruni was an Iranian scholar who studied Earth’s physical features.

D) An Iranian scholar who studied Earth’s physical features, al-Biruni, theorized that a large landmass existed west of Europe and east of Asia.

Choice A is the best answer. The sentence specifies when al-Biruni published his landmass theory, indicating that it was published in the year 1037 CE.

Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence notes that al-Biruni published a landmass theory, it doesn’t specify when the theory was published.

Choice C is incorrect. The sentence identifies al-Biruni as a scholar of Earth’s physical features; it doesn’t specify when he published his landmass theory.

Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes al-Biruni’s landmass theory; it doesn’t specify when the theory was published.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In astronomy, the mass of stars can be described in units called solar masses.
• One solar mass is roughly equal to the mass of the Sun.
• The mass of the star Proxima Centauri is 0.122 solar masses.
• The mass of the star Sirius A is 2.063 solar masses.

The student wants to emphasize the mass of Sirius A. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The mass of stars, like Proxima Centauri, can be described in units called solar masses.

B) In astronomy, the mass of stars can be described in units called solar masses, and one solar mass is roughly equal to the mass of the Sun.

C) The Sun is more massive than Proxima Centauri, which has a mass of 0.122 solar masses.

D) With a mass of 2.063 solar masses, Sirius A is more massive than the Sun.

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the mass of Sirius A, noting that it has a mass of 2.063 solar masses and that it is larger than the Sun.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence makes a generalization about how the mass of stars can be measured; it doesn’t emphasize the mass of Sirius A.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence introduces solar masses as a unit of measurement; it doesn’t emphasize the mass of Sirius A.

Choice C is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the mass of Proxima Centauri, not the mass of Sirius A.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid beam and a fulcrum.
• The fulcrum is the point about which the beam pivots.
• The input force (effort) is the force applied to the lever.
• The output force (load) is the force that the lever exerts on another object.
• In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load.
• In second-class levers, the load is located between the effort and the fulcrum.

The student wants to contrast first-class levers and second-class levers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) In levers, the effort is the force applied to the lever; the load, in contrast, is the force that the lever exerts on another object.

B) In first-class and second-class levers, the fulcrum and the load are in different locations.

C) First-class levers are simple machines consisting of a rigid beam and a fulcrum, but then again, the same is true of second-class levers.

D) In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load, but in second-class levers, the load is located between the effort and the fulcrum.

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence contrasts first-class levers and second-class levers, explaining that the fulcrum in a first-class lever is between the effort and the load, whereas in a second-class lever, the load is between the effort and the fulcrum.

Choice B is incorrect because it fails to acknowledge a general difference in fulcrum and load locations between first-class and second-class levers, and it does not show a meaningful contrast between them.

Choice C is incorrect because it misrepresents the functions of first-class and second-class levers. The fulcrum and the load are in different locations for each lever type.

Choice A is incorrect because it doesn’t contrast first-class levers and second-class levers. It only defines what levers are and explains that the effort is the force applied to the lever, while the load is the force that the lever exerts on another object.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Earthquakes start at a point called a “focus” and spread out from there as seismic waves.
• The two types of seismic waves that travel beneath Earth’s surface are primary waves (P waves) and secondary waves (S waves).
• P waves travel more quickly beneath Earth’s surface than do S waves.
• P waves compress and expand the ground, causing it to move backward and forward.
• S waves cause the ground to move from side to side.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between P waves and S waves. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) P waves and S waves both travel beneath Earth’s surface, causing the ground to move.

B) P waves travel away from an earthquake’s starting point at a higher rate of speed than do S waves.

C) Spreading out from the focus of an earthquake, P waves move the ground backward and forward.

D) Although P waves and S waves start at the same point, they behave very differently.

Choice A is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between P waves and S waves, noting that they both travel beneath Earth’s surface, thereby causing the ground to move.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes a difference between P waves and S waves, noting that P waves travel faster than S waves; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two types of waves.

Choice C is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes how P waves move; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between P waves and S waves.

Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence acknowledges that P waves and S waves start at the same point, it doesn’t emphasize a similarity; instead, the sentence emphasizes a difference between the two types of waves, noting that they behave very differently.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute in India sought to limit the country’s dependence on imported sugarcane.
• The institute enlisted botanist Janaki Ammal to breed a local variety of sugarcane.
• She crossbred the imported sugarcane species Saccharum officinarum with grasses native to India.
• She succeeded in creating sugarcane hybrids well suited to India’s climate.

The student wants to emphasize Janaki Ammal’s achievement. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) By crossbreeding the imported sugarcane species Saccharum officinarum with grasses native to India, Ammal succeeded in creating sugarcane hybrids well suited to India’s climate.

B) In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute, which enlisted Ammal, sought to limit dependence on imported sugarcane.

C) Ammal was enlisted by the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute at a time when a local variety of sugarcane needed to be produced.

D) As part of efforts to breed a local variety of sugarcane, an imported sugarcane species called Saccharum officinarum was crossbred with grasses native to India.

A) Correct – This sentence clearly emphasizes Ammal's achievement by explaining how she succeeded in creating hybrids, thus making her contribution the focus.

B) Incorrect – This choice emphasizes the Imperial Sugar Cane Institute's goal, not Ammal's personal achievement.

C) Incorrect – While it mentions Ammal, it doesn’t emphasize her achievement in creating the sugarcane hybrids.

D) Incorrect – This choice emphasizes the crossbreeding process, not Ammal's role or the achievement itself.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Elizabeth Catlett’s sculpture Recognition (1970) shows two African American figures with rounded, indistinct features.
• The figures reach out to each other in a pose that symbolizes a close, supportive relationship.
• Her sculpture Students Aspire (1978) shows two African American figures with sharply defined features.
• The figures hold an equal sign above their heads with one hand and embrace each other with the other hand.
• This pose symbolizes their support for each other in the pursuit of equality.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Catlett’s Students Aspire depicts two figures supporting each other in the pursuit of equality.

B) Recognition and Students Aspire both show African American figures in poses that symbolize supportive relationships.

C) Catlett completed Recognition in 1970 and Students Aspire in 1978.

D) The figures in Recognition have features that are rounded and indistinct, while the figures in Students Aspire have sharply defined features.

A) Incorrect – This option describes one of the sculptures, not a similarity between the two.

B) Correct – This choice emphasizes the similarity between the two sculptures, noting that both show African American figures in poses symbolizing supportive relationships.

C) Incorrect – This option only mentions the years the sculptures were completed, not a similarity between them.

D) Incorrect – This option focuses on a difference between the sculptures, specifically their features, rather than a similarity.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The ancient Arab dhow was a sailing vessel distinguishable by its triangular sails and stitched hull construction.
• Dhows were used primarily for trade along the coasts of Arab, South Asian, and East African countries.
• Contemporary shipbuilders in Oman use a mix of modern and traditional materials to build replicas of ancient dhows.
• Most of the materials used are traditional.
• Replica hulls are stitched together using the same traditional coconut palm fiber rope used on the hulls of ancient shows.

The student wants to make a generalization about the materials used in dhow replicas. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A traditional material that was used to stitch together the hulls of ancient dhows, coconut palm fiber rope is still used by shipbuilders.

B) The ancient Arab dhow was a sailing vessel used primarily for trade and distinguishable by its triangular sails.

C) Although most materials used in dhow replicas are traditional, some modern materials are used.

D) Contemporary shipbuilders in Oman build replicas of the dhow, which was an ancient sailing vessel with a stitched hull construction.

A) Incorrect – This option describes one material used but doesn't make a generalization about the overall materials used in the replicas.

B) Incorrect – This option describes the ancient dhow, not the materials used in replicas.

C) Correct – This option accurately generalizes that while most materials used in dhow replicas are traditional, some modern materials are also used.

D) Incorrect – This option introduces dhow replicas but doesn't make a generalization about the materials used in them.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In World War I, US soldiers who were members of the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma participated in the Choctaw Code Talkers program.
• The Choctaw Code Talkers were trained to relay coded military information in their native language.
• In World War II, the US Army recruited Navajo (Diné) soldiers to transmit coded messages in their native language.
• These soldiers were known as the Navajo Code Talkers.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Choctaw Code Talkers and the Navajo Code Talkers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) US soldiers who were members of the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma used their native language to relay coded information.

B) In World War II, one group of Navajo (Diné) soldiers was known as the Navajo Code Talkers.

C) Both the Choctaw Code Talkers and the Navajo Code Talkers transmitted coded military messages in the soldiers’ native languages.

D) The Choctaw Code Talkers, not the Navajo Code Talkers, served in World War I.

A) Incorrect – The sentence describes the Choctaw Code Talkers, but it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the Choctaw and Navajo Code Talkers.

B) Incorrect – This choice introduces the Navajo Code Talkers but doesn’t highlight the similarity between the Choctaw and Navajo groups.

C) Correct – This sentence directly emphasizes the similarity between the two groups by explaining that both used their native languages to transmit coded messages.

D) Incorrect – This choice emphasizes a difference between the Choctaw and Navajo Code Talkers, not a similarity.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Meteorites found on Earth are divided into two categories.
• A meteorite that was observed falling to Earth before being recovered is known as a meteorite fall.
• All other meteorites found on Earth are known as meteorite finds.
• There have been about 1,200 recorded meteorite falls.
• There have been over 60,000 recorded meteorite finds.

The student wants to contrast the number of meteorite falls with the number of meteorite finds. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A meteorite that was observed falling to Earth before being recovered is known as a meteorite fall; all others are known as meteorite finds.

B) Meteorites found on Earth are divided into two categories: meteorite falls and meteorite finds.

C) There have been about 1,200 recorded meteorite falls, or meteorites observed falling to Earth.

D) While there have been only about 1,200 recorded meteorite falls, there have been over 60,000 meteorite finds.

A) Incorrect – While it explains the difference between meteorite falls and meteorite finds, it doesn’t effectively contrast their numbers.

B) Incorrect – This introduces the categories but does not contrast their numbers.

C) Incorrect – This mentions meteorite falls but doesn’t contrast them with meteorite finds.

D) Correct – This choice effectively contrasts the number of meteorite falls with meteorite finds, noting the difference in their quantities.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Doña María do Carmo Bandeira was a Brazilian botanist.
• Between 1924 and 1941, she collected approximately 800 botanical samples.
• She collected a sample of Polytrichum juniperinum from Serra de Itatiaia in Mauá in February of 1925.
• She collected a sample of Sphagnum gracilescen from Ponte do Inferno in Corcovado in March of 1925.
• Polytrichum juniperinum and Sphagnum gracilescen are both species of moss.

The student wants to emphasize the sample collected from Serra de Itatiaia. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Doña María do Carmo Bandeira was a botanist notable for collecting approximately 800 botanical samples between 1924 and 1941.

B) Among the many botanical samples Doña María do Carmo Bandeira collected was Polytrichum juniperinum, a species of moss she collected from Serra de Itatiaia in 1925.

C) Between 1924 and 1941, Doña María do Carmo Bandeira collected many botanical samples, such as Polytrichum juniperinum from Serra de Itatiaia and Sphagnum gracilescen from Ponte do Inferno.

D) Between 1924 and 1941, Doña María do Carmo Bandeira collected samples of Polytrichum juniperinum and Sphagnum gracilescen, both species of moss.

A) Incorrect – This sentence introduces Bandeira's work but doesn’t emphasize the sample collected from Serra de Itatiaia.

B) Correct – This choice emphasizes the Polytrichum juniperinum sample collected from Serra de Itatiaia by specifically noting its collection in 1925.

C) Incorrect – While this sentence mentions the sample from Serra de Itatiaia, it doesn’t emphasize it over the sample from Ponte do Inferno.

D) Incorrect – This sentence provides examples of the samples collected but doesn’t emphasize the sample from Serra de Itatiaia.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The US government classifies sensitive information according to the degree to which disclosure could affect the nation’s security.
• Information that could cause “damage” to national security is classified as Confidential.
• Information that could cause “serious damage” to national security is classified as Secret.
• Most routine diplomatic correspondence, if disclosed, could cause damage but not serious damage to national security.
• Diplomatic correspondence includes communication with both allies and adversaries.

The student wants to indicate which category most routine diplomatic correspondence belongs in, based on how sensitive information is classified. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) According to the US government, which classifies such sensitive information as routine diplomatic correspondence, Confidential information could damage national security if disclosed.

B) Most routine diplomatic correspondence is classified according to the degree to which disclosure could affect the nation’s security.

C) Having the potential to damage national security if disclosed, most routine diplomatic correspondence is classified as Confidential.

D) If disclosed, communication with both allies and adversaries could affect the nation’s security.

A) Incorrect – This sentence discusses Confidential information but doesn’t specify which category routine diplomatic correspondence belongs in.

B) Incorrect – This sentence doesn’t directly indicate which classification category routine diplomatic correspondence belongs in.

C) Correct – This sentence clearly states that routine diplomatic correspondence is classified as Confidential due to its potential to damage national security.

D) Incorrect – This sentence explains that routine diplomatic correspondence could affect national security but doesn’t indicate the classification category.